Book Reviews- Interfacing

Analog Circuits and Devices -ed Wai-Kai Chen ISBN 0849317363 Pages:487 (publ CRC March 2003)

The purpose of this book is to provide in a single volume a comprehensive reference covering the spectrum of devices and their models, amplifiers, analogue circuits and filters and compound semiconductors digital integrated circuit technology. The book comes with self-contained chapters (each numbered from page1) but one table of contents and one index.

Chapter 1 (24 pages): Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) circuits: The major topics covered include physical characteristics and properties of the BJT, basis operation of the BJT, use of the BJT as an amplifier, integrated circuits biasing using current mirrors. The basic BJT switch is next discussed; this includes high-speed BJT switching, transient response, simple and emitter coupled logic (ECL) gates, The chapter is well illustrated through-out with circuit schematic, tables and relevant mathematical equations. It ends with a bibliography of 9 references.

Chapter 2 (22 pages): RF passive IC components The major topics covered include fractal capacitors, (including a brief discussion on fractals, lateral flux capacitors and capacitor structures ). The next area covered are spatial inductors, the modified Wheeler formula is described and also data is given for square, hexagonal ad octagonal spiral inductors. The next area covered is ' on-chip- transformers (a long term holy grail of modern electronics ). Monolithic transformer realizations and analytical transformer models are discussed. The chapter is very well illustrated with diagrams of model 'solid-state' transformers, relevant equations, and tables. It ends with a bibliography of 24 references.

Chapter 3 (42 pages): CMOS amplifier design: The main topics covered include the threshold voltage, body effect and drain current. MOSFET properties such as , output resistance, transconductance, and open-circuit voltage gain are next discussed. Biasing circuits (with a design example) are next described. The remainder covers amplifiers including the unbuffered op-amp, , high performance op-amp considerations, including power supply rejection, slew rate, and output swing. The chapter ends with a bibliography of 7 references.

Chapter 4 (57 pages): Bipolar amplifier design: The major topics covered include single-transistor amplifiers. This first type considered is the common emitter amplifier, its operating point and frequency response is covered in detail. The next type considered is the common-collector (or emitter follower) amplifier. The other type considered is the common base amplifier followed by the Darlington type amplifiers. Differential amplifiers are next discussed. First in this familiar to be described are the bipolar-differential pairs (half circuit equivalents and lower frequency signal analysis, small-signal frequency response, dc offset, and gain enhancement techniques are discussed. The next area to be covered is output stages (for power applications etc). The last area covered are operational amplifiers (this includes ideal op-amps and non-idealities). The chapter is very well illustrated with schematics, relevant equations, and tables The chapter ends with bibliography of 12 references (5 of which are textbooks).

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Chapter 5 ( 48 pages ): High frequency amplifiers: The main topics covered include current feedback op-amp ( basics and compound devices are covered in detail). Next discussed are RF low-noise amplifiers (LNA) (including CMOS common-source LNA and cascode LNA. (noise, gate drain impedance and input impedance are discussed). Optical low-noise pre-amplifiers is next discussed. This includes receiver performance and optical sensitivity. Trans-impedance amplifiers followed by layout for HF operations are next discussed. The important area of RF power amplifier design is then discussed. The discussion includes power amplifier classification, linear power amplifiers and non-linear power amplifiers. The next area covered is the application of high-Q resonators. ( this includes linear transconductance implementation and filter implementation ). The next area covered in logarithmic domain processing. The topics covered here include instantaneous companding, log-domain filter synthesis, finite current gain and frequency performance. A basic log-domain integrator and higher order log -domain filters are described. The chapter ends with a bibliography of 77 references.

Chapter 6 ( 19 pages ) Operational transconductance amplifiers (or OTA): A transconductance amplifier is used typically in high frequency filters. The first topic discussed is noise behaviour in OTAs, this is followed by discussion of OTAs with improved swing, and a large section on OTAs with high drive capability. Two other topics covered are common mode feedback and filter applications with low voltage OTAs. The chapter is well illustrated with schematics, plots, and necessary mathematical equations. It ends with a bibliography of 16 references.

Chapter 7 ( 31 pages ) : Nyquist-rate ADC and DAC: Some major areas discussed include ADC design arts. This includes a grapic showing the current state of the art for ADCs a (resolution vs response time plot) , ADCs figure of merit. ADC architectures is next discussed this includes slope-type, successive-approximation type, flash-type, sub-ranging ADC, multi-step ADC pipeline ADC, error correction, one-bit-pipeline ADC, recursive-ADC, time-interleaved-ADC folding-ADC and ending with ADC design considerations. DAC design arts is next discussed. This include DAC architectures such as resistor-string-DAC, current-rationed DAC, R-2R-ladder DAC, capacitor-array DAC, thermometer-coded-segmented DAC, integrator-type DAC. The discussion ends on the DAC design considerations (such as the effect of slew rate and glitch). The chapter ends with a bibliography of 27 references.

Chapter 8 ( 39 pages ): Oversampled A/D and D/A converters: (Oversampled converters are often called sigma-delta converters and include the V-to-F converters). In this chapter some major areas covered include the theory of operation including time-domain representation, frequency domain representationsigma0-delta modulators in data converters and tones. Alternate sigma-delta architectures is next discussed. Ares discussed here include high-order modulators, cascaded modulators and bandpass modulators. Filtering for sigma-delta modulators is next discussed; this includes anti-alias and reconstruction filters, decimation and interpolation filters.. Circuit building blocks are next discussed. This includes switched capacitor integrators, operational amplifiers, comparators, D/A circuits and continuous modulators. Practical design issues including kT/c noise, integrator gain settling, amplifier gain, sampling nonlinearity /reference corruption, and multi-level feedback are discussed. The chapter is well illustrated with schematics and plots . It ends with a bibliography of 73 references (illustrating this is an area in rapid development).

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Chapter 9 ( 27 pages ) RF communication circuits: Major areas discussed include active devices, passive devices, receiver topologies, the down converter, the (low noise amplifier) or LNA . The synthesizer is considered next, synthesizer topology, oscillator, pre-scaler and fully integrated synthesizer are described with examples of micrographs of integrated LC oscillators . Transmitters are next discussed including up-conversion vs down conversion, switching modulators, linear MOS mixers, high frequency current buffer, and oscillator feed-through. A brief discussion on fully integrated transievers is next discussed. The chapter is well illustrated with schematics, micrographs and necessary mathematical equation. It ends with a bibliography of 34 references.

Chapter 10 ( 29 pages) : PLL circuits: PLL stands for Phase Loop Locked and is a circuit architecture that synchronises a signal with a reference or an input signal in frequency as well as phase. The chapter begins with a description of what phase-lock is and basic operation if PLLs. The discussion then moved to basic topology of PLLs , loop order of PLL, tracking processes, lock-in process acquisition process, aided acquisition, delay-locked loop, charge-pump phase-lock loop, and PLL noise performance. The building blocks for PLL circuits is next discussed. This includes voltage controlled oscillators, and phase/frequency detectors. Finally PLL applications are discussed including clock and data recovery and frequency synthesizer. The chapter is well illustrated with diagrams, schematics, and equations. It ends with a bibliography of 28 references.

Chapter 11 ( 33 pages): Continuous-time filters: The major topics discussed include state-variable synthesis methods. In this area biquadratic filters and leapfrog filters. The next area discussed in the realisation of VLSI integrators; this includes Gm-C integrators and filters Gm-OTA-C filters MOSFET-C filters, and alternate continuous-time filter techniques. Filter tuning circuits is next considered. It includes direct tuning, master-slave tuning and tuning loops. The chapter is well illustrated with schematics and equations and ends with a bibliography of 44 references.

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Chapter 12 ( 34 pages ): Switched-capacitor (SC) filters: Topics discussed include sampled data analogue filters, first-order SC stages including the summing integrator, active damped SC integrator, ) second-order SC circuits (including the Fleisher and laker biquad), and higher-order filters. Implementation aspects are next considered . In this area integrated capacitors, MOS switches and transcondance amplifiers are discussed. Performance limitations of SC filters are then discussed and compensation techniques for performance improvement. In this area the chopper techniques, finite-gain SC integrators, very-long-time constant integrators and double sampling techniques are discussed. Advanced filters are then discussed. The chapter is well illustrated with schematics and equation. It ends with a bibliography of 31 references.

Chapter 13 ( 6 pages ): Materials: This short chapter describes in brief why compound (specifically III-V) semiconductors and hetro-junctions are useful in this area. It ends with a bibliography of 6 references.

Chapter 14 ( 18 pages ): Compound semiconductor devices for digital circuits: Important topics discussed include comparison of unipolar and bipolar transistors; this includes charge transport in semiconductors, field-effect transistors, and bipolar junction transistors (homojunction and hetrojunction). Typical structures are next described, these include FET structures, and hetrojunction bipolar structures. The chapter is well illustrated and ends with a bibliography of 18 references.

Chapter 15 ( 19 pages ): Logic design principles and examples: Major topic discussed include static logic design which includes direct coupled FET logic, source coupled FET logic static and dynamic noise margins and noise sources and poser dissipation). Transient analysis and design for very high-sped logic is next discussed. In this area zero-order delay estimate, time constant delay methods, open-circuit time constant, and time constant complications are discussed. The chapter is well illustrated diagrammatically and with the necessary mathematical equations. It ends with a bibliography of 16 references.

Chapter 16 (27 pages ) Logic-design examples: Topic covered include design of MESFET and HEMT logic circuits, (including advanced MESFET design example) and HBT design example. The chapter is well illustrated with schematics and output from a gighertz oscilloscope. It ends with a bibliography of 26 references.

Index ( 22 pages)

This book has been developed for practicing engineers in industry, government bureaucracies and academia. A new book destined to become a classic and highly recommended for anyone in instrumentation sciences, signal processing and electrical engineering in general. To buy this book and for general information please contact Basis Volume Limited's website for price/availability or with your request. For additional information on this book please contact CRC press.

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